戰機模擬交換比

來源~taiwanbbs.org

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http://www.sistemasdearmas.hpg.ig.com.br/aam/meteor.html

JOUST

The JOUST is a simulator of air-air fights of long reach multiusenario from the DERA (present QinetiQ) that was used to help applications of the program Meteor.

The JOUST is a capable system of modelar fights air to long distance (BVR - Beyond Visual Grinds) realistic with human control and digital modeling using simulation of high resolution.

They are 12 stations (now added of four simulators of the Eurofighter), more 3 stations of command to generate aim, missiles BE, radars and airships AWACS.

More of 60 evaluations were driven from the decade of 90 by pilots from the RAF and RN during 6 years. Each evaluation had lasted two to four weeks. The battles were 4x4 and also hears participation of others countries.

The JOUST is used for researches of battle to short distance and to long distances, development of tactics, equipment news use doctrine (Rafale by example), training, studies of interface man-machine and study of settings.

The JOUST is capable of simulating workings of radar, RCS of airships, datalink JTIDS to change of information, electronic countermeasures and its effect in the sensors. Is able to simulate new sensors as an IRST and situations of environment that confuse to deteccao infravermelha. The given saints melted with screen Kalman and shown in a screen of vision of God.

The system is capable of generate airships controlled digital as package of bombardeiros flying bass. The battle can be helped by an AEW modelado or of human control for the two sides.

They were studied the factors that they do a hunting over another in the arena BVR, as fuselagem, aerodynamics, propulsao, avionicos and performance of weapons. You quiz they were them a success for show like a weapons/airship systems combination functions and relate with the battle BVR.

All of the aspects of the study about the battle BVR they were grouped in the following categories:

- Studies of effectiveness to evaluate performance of you vary airships and weapons, in you vary task

- Researches in the huntings performance areas (fuselagem, weapons, avionicos and sensors) to help to direct researches for studies of better option.

- Evaluate the options of modernizacao of airships

- Analyzes and formulation of tactics BVR, present and future.


The studies were focado in the following areas:

- Battle effectiveness Studies in air settings of superiority and air defense

- Studies of Integration of avionicos of huntings and studies of balanceamento of systems

- Analyzes battle tactics formulation BVR for huntings, sensors and weapons (present and future)

The studies concentrated in the Eurofighter. The opponents were the Mig-29, Su-27 and derived (Su-35). They were modelados vary options of radar, avionicos and weapons. The settings varied since generic air defense with convoy of bombardeiros, keeps pure air superiority (with or without AEW of each side).

Also it was quizzed to study option of hunting more cheap with or without systems got worse like IRST, DASS and JTIDS/MIDS.


The future radar AESA of the Eurofighter also was quizzed, with multiple and unique configuration of antenna to compare long reach cover.

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以上是JOUST系統的介紹, 簡而言之, 其為一套可考量多方面變因（AWACS, DATALINK, 電戰, 雷達, 光電, 武器系統, 戰機RCS變化, 戰機性能等等）, 全面模擬空對空作戰狀況與研發探討戰術應用的電腦模擬系統, 在應用於颱風戰機的開發過程中, 其曾用於模擬探討IRST, DASS, JTIDS/MIDS, 乃至還在構想階段的AESA雷達等戰機子系統的效益評估.

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In May of 1993 was initiated studies of the applications of the program Meteor that they were evaluated to will be applied in the program Eurofighter. They were evaluated weaknesses and points fortresses of the project, as configurations of propellant. They were carried out more three evaluations in the two years to quiz proposals. The facts were used to them determine the final specifications. The facts also influenced the program ASRAAM.

The majority of the battles studied showed that they would be between 20-50km. Below 12-20km will be inside the visual reach. The application was reach maximum well beyond 100km (> 150km) and more more lineal profile speed, with in the-escape zone (NEZ) of 20-80km that would be factor critic in the arena BVR.

The performance was similar to the AIM-54 Phoenix with agility of the ASRAAM. The motor solido of double impulse was considerado before of the ramjet, but nao would fill the applications.

The very demanding application caused to adoption of propulsao ramjet to reach the speed, reach and manobrabilidade terminal. The limitation was to interface with the Eurofigther and ejetor embutido.

An of the applications of the program BVRAAM was furtive launching, with the enemy pilot receiving alerts most minimum that the missile was shot, reducing the evasive opportunity of action; sufficient energy to pursue and destroy very agile aim; strong performance in electronic environment of war; capacity of engajar, shoot and desengajar quick to increase the survival.

The simulations showed that a hunting armed with an assets radar air-air missile of long reach would try shoot the missile and flee quick. The aim is able to against-attack with another missile BVR and try evade losing altitude and leading missile for denser atmosphere. If sobe quick, the missile in pursuit will have difficulty in go up new to accompany.

You had him also showed that the battle would be of shots BVR multiple, with opponents shooting and fleeing or evading, always outside of the visual reach. The perdedor generally was what lost first altitude, or flew subsonico and stayed herself options, stayed without weapons or fuel and fled.

The objective of the experiment passed be it to superacao of the R-77 that was much most better that AMRAAM in energy.

The simulation resulted us applications of the BVRAAM that should arm the Eurofighter British to obtain superiority to 2030. The threat they were hunts others with equivalent missile. The threat key was the Russian missile Vympel R-77 (AA-12 Adder) and future variantes.

The capacity BVR intial of the program Eurofighter rotated around the AMRAAM. The Eurofighter did not have furtividade to exceed the Su-27 armed with the R-77. The answer would be able to be missile of bigger reach than the AMRAAM.

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自1993年五月起, 本系統開始應用於探討未來BVRAAM的性能需求, 根據其模擬結果：現代的BVR空戰範圍多在20至50公里範圍內展開, WVR空戰範圍則多在12至20公里範圍內, 且R-77的終端獵殺動能與NEZ非當時AIM-120所能及, 颱風戰機如果使用AIM-120去力拼使用R-77與其後續衍生型的SU-35的話, 將取不到可以令人接受的空戰交換比....若要維持EF-2000的空戰有效性至2030年以後的話, 該系統的模擬結論為：”一款有效射程如鳳凰（100公里以上, 一說＞150公里）, 機動性如ASRAAM, 擁有20至80公里範圍NEZ的主動雷達導引衝壓推進BVRAAM”（雙脈衝火箭推進經模擬被認為無法滿足需要）, 這後來成為流星飛彈計畫的開發宗旨目標, 也影響了ASRAAM的性能設計取向.

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To USAF would use to furtividade of the F/A-22 to approach and flee without to be bothered and by this the F/A-22 has less need of a missile of long reach. The F/A-22 finished defined the difference of operation between Europeans and U.S.A.

The results of the simulations of the Eurofighter equipped with the Meteor were compared with others hunts. The adversary was the Su-27 modernized (equivalent to the Su-35) equipped with THE-10 or R-77 (given more worse) he had the following results:

（完整版的對抗Su-35 + R-77模擬交換比）
The hunts Reason of the Change (%)
F/A-22：90% （AIM-120）
EF2000：82-75% （Meteor）
F-15F：60%（AIM-120）
F-15E：55%（AIM-120）
F-15C：43%（AIM-120）
Rafale：50% （MICA）
F-18E：45-25% （AIM-120）
Gripen：40% （AIM-120）
M-2000-5：35% （MICA）
Tornado F3：30% （AIM-120）
F-18C：21% （AIM-120）
F-16C：21% （AIM-120）

The chance of a conventional airship survive to a furtive hunting is missing of 10% (F/A-22 against Su-27). The Eurofighter has good results by also have a small one RCS in the quadrant frontal that is the more important in the battle BVR and use the missile Meteor in the simulation.

Obs: THE F-15F was a proposal of F-15 with systems advanced. All of the western huntings they used the AMRAAM with exception of the Rafale French that they use the MICA.

The air-air missiles technology is able to defined the depth from the air battle. Who it has the most greatest reach controls the commitment.

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以上是截止1997年時的整體模擬結果總結：面對SU-35 + R-77與其衍生型組合, 只有匿蹤性追求完美的猛禽, 與擁有部份匿蹤優勢（這被認為只佔少部份獲勝要素）與流星級BVRAAM（這被認為是獲勝關鍵）的颱風戰機, 能在公平較量狀態下於BVR對戰中取得甜頭.

當時的綜合結論是在以Su-35 + R-77為對手時，F-22 + AIM-120C可以取得超過10比1的壓倒性優勢交換比，而EF-2000 + Meteor亦能取得3至4.5比1的可觀優勢交換比；不過到了2000年左右，流星飛彈研發團隊在其網站中表示：”根據其最新超級電腦模擬，EF- 2000 + Meteor在以Su-35 + R-77乃至R-77M為對手時，其交換比足可與F-22 + AIM-120C相媲美，而造價卻只有後者的1/2~1/3．”當然，此宣稱很可能只是過於誇大競標廣告～因為當流星飛彈打敗FMRAAM後不久，此一宣稱便和其網站一同消失了，現用的英國廣告較為含蓄間接，但意思好像也差不多：

”美國空軍準備用猛禽戰機來對抗的空中威脅，我們以EF-2000 + METEOR作為對策方案～成本只有老美方案的數分之一”

”EF-2000 + METEOR組合足以應付任何已知的空中對手”

In a battle simulated in 1996, with four F-15 armed with AIM-120 against others four F-15 simulating Mig-29 armed with R-27 and R-73, the pilots blue did not see the enemy and neither the wing. Did not they maneuver to more of 3g’s and never they flew invertidos.

The envelope of battle to short distances and long distances they were separate. In a simulation in the JOUST in 1996 showed that an aim to more of 40km was free to maneuver. Any missile can be avoided in the maximum reach.

With the present missiles air-air the commitment will be between 15-40km. Missiles of short reach are more more lethal to less than 8km. Between 8-15km the aim still can avoid the approximate battle.

The Meteor will have long reach and more energy to long distances. The objective is increase to NEZ. The datalink of two roads will be used to inform that the missile found the aim.

The ASRAAM follows similar tactics upon be an option more cockroach against aim still beyond the visual reach.

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現有中程空對空飛彈
實戰動態高獵殺率射程範圍約在15至40公里範圍間

短程空對空飛彈
實戰動態高獵殺率射程範圍則在數百公尺至8公里範圍間

對於高速高機動敵機而言
40公里範圍外，與8至15公里範圍間，存在可利用規避飛彈攻擊的機動空間．而流星飛彈（NEZ範圍從20公里至80公里，且號稱可在90 至100公里外有效迎擊9G機動目標）與ASRAAM（實戰動態有效射程從500公尺處至15~25公里+範圍間）的組合，則能有效彌補這些Gap．

A hunting should have capacity multi-aim. Datalincar several missiles at the same time also is desirable. If a hunting has avionicos upper as assignment of aim by third or datalink, this requer the formulation of tactics. Also requer good coordination and discipline of formation.

The general tactics depend on each plataforma. An air battle between opponents equipped with missiles of long reach with active radar is characterized by you vary offensive actions, followed by maneuvers defensives. The meeting is followed with a serie of change of missiles (himself not houver defeats before). The upper combination defeats, knocking down the enemy or foge for lack of weapon or fuel.

The altitude and speed are important for the huntings and missiles air-air. The missiles are more effective against aim flying high or the decrease speed. Also it is more dependable fly Pass and quick. The dilemma is seek the combination of altitude, speed and geometry of meeting to maximize the own forces and minimize the of the enemy.

In case of of an airship with big energy of agility/manobrabilidade but little autonomy to fight, the pilot can choose a flight of short duration and big energy or he prolong the fight flying bass and with little energy. Flying bass the pilot stayed in the defensive, but with similar duration of battle to of fight of big energy.

He have a better missile he generates less demand of the pilot. In approximate battles, to bigger task he went he maintain the conscience from the situation.

The studies of the JOUST determined some carateristicas important things of a modern airship of hunting:

（JOUST計畫研究結論, 幾個攸關空戰勝負的關鍵指標）

- Agility of energy.
The excess of power or SEP is vital so much in the dogfight as much as in the arena BVR. This already it was perceived in the Vietnam when the huntings obtained maneuver to avoid the missiles. A hunter should be good to accelerate in straight line and go up in the SEP of great profile.
（無論遠射近纏, 戰機剩餘功率都是極度重要的性能指標, 悠關著戰機直線加速性能, 飛彈有效射程, 以及閃避敵襲飛彈能力）

- Manobrabilidade of energy.
It is the capacity of maintain curves without a lot loss of energy
（空戰勝負關鍵重要指標二：能量利用效率～能在轉彎等機動中損失動能較少的戰機設計, 擁有較佳的勝算）

- Persistence of battle.
　It is the quantity of energy and weapons. Also it signifies maintain speed without use the powders-combustor
（持續戰力：包括武裝, 戰機能量, 以及不開後燃器的巡航時速等等）

- Furtividade or RCS.
　Helps in the against-deteccao and contramedidas electronic
（匿蹤性）

- Integration of Sensors
　To facilitate to disponibilizacao of information and conscience from the situation
（偵測器資料整合/SA能力）

- Systems of weapons.
The weaknesses and strong points should be acquaintances to exploit the weapons friends and enemy.
（敵我空戰武裝性能比較）

Another hunts studied by the JOUST went the JSF (F-35) in several generic configurations for future settings.

The pilots of the Tornado F.3 from the RAF that would go participate in you quiz of the JTIDS in August of 1994 they used the JOUST to develop tactics before of him you had. It resulted in vitoria relativamente easy against the F-15 from the USAF and afterwards against others hunts like Mig-29 Germans.

（皇家空軍在吃了JOUST菠菜後, 墊定日後以龍捲風F3 + 天閃 + JTIDS卻能狂電老美F-15C + AIM-120與老德MIG-29的戰術基礎）

To RAF modelou the probability of an airship of attack survive in an air space well defended, using barely the computers and crew members in simuladores of the JOUST. The best index of survival went to of the Tornado of two places where the navigator carried out the while defensives task the pilot flew the airship. The Harrier and Jaguar, airships monoposto, they had always less capacity of survival.
（JOUST的另一發現：兩個飛官恰恰好.............）

The JOUST uses human users (MITL - man-in-the-loop) instead of algorithms by several motives. Human be him can explain the razoes of the result of the battle, instead of alone show the final result. The pilots can study the factors that caused to the success, or limited sweats efficiency. Without a pilot for esplicar the razoes of an unexpected result, as in a simulation MITL, an analyst using digital modeling will be forced try estimate it the razoes upon observe the battle. It will have that move the tactics from the digital modeling to be sure that the result was not caused by the inadequate tactics.

The way MITL also supplies indication from the difficulty involved in the use of a private system and an idea of the kind of pilot that will go use the system from the best way. Considerando a hunting with bigger agility than another, a pilot that uses this capacity correctly will be better. The pilot will go he concentrate in stayed in the great area of the envelope to maintain bigger energy than the opponent.

The digital modeling still he has importance. If they will go necessary he quiz many parameters at the same time, and he quiz small variations, he is necessary he use digital modeling to repeat systematically the settings. I spend less time and more cheap in we will have of hand of work. The algorithm is calibrated with referencia of the human performance. The pilot also is capable of he call attention of problems in the software.

The JOUST passed he equip it three bases from the RAF that received assemblies of 4 stations between 1994-1995. Afterwards they were modernized to permit fights 4x4.




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旁敲側擊，有的沒的第一屆RAF歐洲颱風 v.s IAF超級側衛友誼賽戰果消息綜合收集：

（消息來源：印度空軍網路論壇，皇家嘴砲團，某位到當地參訪的中國網友心得見聞.......）


1. 在整個軍演期間，雙方的交鋒絕大多數都是不開雷達的次音速近距狗戰，超音速以上的交鋒少之又少。

2. 整體較量結果雙方祕而不宣，不過由於雙方是採多異種機混編成AB兩隊後再行交戰訓練的模式，因此事實上也很難清楚釐清兩者具體高下優劣。

3. 根據某印度飛官的暗示說法，整體而言兩者在狗戰上應該是大體旗鼓相當，各有所長，在近戰交鋒時各有各進退趨避的一套：Su-30MKI在高攻角超機動性能上吃香，EF-2000則在能量機動維持與機敏性上占優（某印度飛官讚之曰：＂不愧頂級空優Hunter之名........＂）。

4. 依照某中國網友在當地的心得見聞表示，EF-2000在短場起飛性能與加速爬升等性能領域指標上，確實是優於Su-30MKI。

5. 皇家嘴砲團的自賣自誇：

a. 在這次軍演中Su-30MKI所展示出來的飛行性能與機動性，比RAF在JOUST模擬中假想對手超級側衛所設定的性能參數為低（言下之意若颱風戰機在BVR領域全力以赴的話......然而印度佬便真的有在這次軍演中使出Su-30MKI的渾身解數嗎？？？）

b. TVC讓Su-30MKI在次音速近距機砲狗戰中的超機動身法無機可出其右，HMS更是讓目前同類裝備欠奉的颱風戰機於狗戰時會吃上不小悶虧，然而在BVR空戰超音速機敏性領域上，颱風戰機依然領先側衛戰機一代。

c. 側衛戰機在內載油箱近乎全滿時擁有令人驚嘆的作戰航程，然而此時其整體空戰運動性能並無足可觀之處；等到其內載燃油減至足以充分展現戰機運動性能時，便換成其作戰航程相對腿短.........

d. 一名印度飛官在受訪時表示其對龍捲風F3防空攔截戰機上的獵狐者雷達之性能表現感到印象深刻。

e. 根據某第25龍捲風F3防空攔截戰機中隊飛官於受訪時表示：＂在BVR空戰領域上，接受過一連串升級改良的龍捲風F3防空攔截戰機目前仍然足以和Su-30MKI一拼。＂