來源:
蘭德公司發表的「可怕的海峽？兩岸對峙的軍事層面與美國的政策選擇」報告
--------------------------------------
Table B.8
Air-to-Air Exchange Rates
================>Su-27 with AA-12/Su-27/J-8
(1)F-15C with AIM-120===>2.1/6.3/53.5
(2)Mirage2000 with MICA=>1.2/3.6/5.5
(3)IDF=================>0.3/1.4/2.1
Sunday, February 17, 2008
戰機模擬交換比
來源~taiwanbbs.org
-----------------------------------------
http://www.sistemasdearmas.hpg.ig.com.br/aam/meteor.html
JOUST
The JOUST is a simulator of air-air fights of long reach multiusenario from the DERA (present QinetiQ) that was used to help applications of the program Meteor.
The JOUST is a capable system of modelar fights air to long distance (BVR - Beyond Visual Grinds) realistic with human control and digital modeling using simulation of high resolution.
They are 12 stations (now added of four simulators of the Eurofighter), more 3 stations of command to generate aim, missiles BE, radars and airships AWACS.
More of 60 evaluations were driven from the decade of 90 by pilots from the RAF and RN during 6 years. Each evaluation had lasted two to four weeks. The battles were 4x4 and also hears participation of others countries.
The JOUST is used for researches of battle to short distance and to long distances, development of tactics, equipment news use doctrine (Rafale by example), training, studies of interface man-machine and study of settings.
The JOUST is capable of simulating workings of radar, RCS of airships, datalink JTIDS to change of information, electronic countermeasures and its effect in the sensors. Is able to simulate new sensors as an IRST and situations of environment that confuse to deteccao infravermelha. The given saints melted with screen Kalman and shown in a screen of vision of God.
The system is capable of generate airships controlled digital as package of bombardeiros flying bass. The battle can be helped by an AEW modelado or of human control for the two sides.
They were studied the factors that they do a hunting over another in the arena BVR, as fuselagem, aerodynamics, propulsao, avionicos and performance of weapons. You quiz they were them a success for show like a weapons/airship systems combination functions and relate with the battle BVR.
All of the aspects of the study about the battle BVR they were grouped in the following categories:
- Studies of effectiveness to evaluate performance of you vary airships and weapons, in you vary task
- Researches in the huntings performance areas (fuselagem, weapons, avionicos and sensors) to help to direct researches for studies of better option.
- Evaluate the options of modernizacao of airships
- Analyzes and formulation of tactics BVR, present and future.
The studies were focado in the following areas:
- Battle effectiveness Studies in air settings of superiority and air defense
- Studies of Integration of avionicos of huntings and studies of balanceamento of systems
- Analyzes battle tactics formulation BVR for huntings, sensors and weapons (present and future)
The studies concentrated in the Eurofighter. The opponents were the Mig-29, Su-27 and derived (Su-35). They were modelados vary options of radar, avionicos and weapons. The settings varied since generic air defense with convoy of bombardeiros, keeps pure air superiority (with or without AEW of each side).
Also it was quizzed to study option of hunting more cheap with or without systems got worse like IRST, DASS and JTIDS/MIDS.
The future radar AESA of the Eurofighter also was quizzed, with multiple and unique configuration of antenna to compare long reach cover.
Ａ：
以上是JOUST系統的介紹, 簡而言之, 其為一套可考量多方面變因（AWACS, DATALINK, 電戰, 雷達, 光電, 武器系統, 戰機RCS變化, 戰機性能等等）, 全面模擬空對空作戰狀況與研發探討戰術應用的電腦模擬系統, 在應用於颱風戰機的開發過程中, 其曾用於模擬探討IRST, DASS, JTIDS/MIDS, 乃至還在構想階段的AESA雷達等戰機子系統的效益評估.
＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
In May of 1993 was initiated studies of the applications of the program Meteor that they were evaluated to will be applied in the program Eurofighter. They were evaluated weaknesses and points fortresses of the project, as configurations of propellant. They were carried out more three evaluations in the two years to quiz proposals. The facts were used to them determine the final specifications. The facts also influenced the program ASRAAM.
The majority of the battles studied showed that they would be between 20-50km. Below 12-20km will be inside the visual reach. The application was reach maximum well beyond 100km (> 150km) and more more lineal profile speed, with in the-escape zone (NEZ) of 20-80km that would be factor critic in the arena BVR.
The performance was similar to the AIM-54 Phoenix with agility of the ASRAAM. The motor solido of double impulse was considerado before of the ramjet, but nao would fill the applications.
The very demanding application caused to adoption of propulsao ramjet to reach the speed, reach and manobrabilidade terminal. The limitation was to interface with the Eurofigther and ejetor embutido.
An of the applications of the program BVRAAM was furtive launching, with the enemy pilot receiving alerts most minimum that the missile was shot, reducing the evasive opportunity of action; sufficient energy to pursue and destroy very agile aim; strong performance in electronic environment of war; capacity of engajar, shoot and desengajar quick to increase the survival.
The simulations showed that a hunting armed with an assets radar air-air missile of long reach would try shoot the missile and flee quick. The aim is able to against-attack with another missile BVR and try evade losing altitude and leading missile for denser atmosphere. If sobe quick, the missile in pursuit will have difficulty in go up new to accompany.
You had him also showed that the battle would be of shots BVR multiple, with opponents shooting and fleeing or evading, always outside of the visual reach. The perdedor generally was what lost first altitude, or flew subsonico and stayed herself options, stayed without weapons or fuel and fled.
The objective of the experiment passed be it to superacao of the R-77 that was much most better that AMRAAM in energy.
The simulation resulted us applications of the BVRAAM that should arm the Eurofighter British to obtain superiority to 2030. The threat they were hunts others with equivalent missile. The threat key was the Russian missile Vympel R-77 (AA-12 Adder) and future variantes.
The capacity BVR intial of the program Eurofighter rotated around the AMRAAM. The Eurofighter did not have furtividade to exceed the Su-27 armed with the R-77. The answer would be able to be missile of bigger reach than the AMRAAM.
Ａ：
自1993年五月起, 本系統開始應用於探討未來BVRAAM的性能需求, 根據其模擬結果：現代的BVR空戰範圍多在20至50公里範圍內展開, WVR空戰範圍則多在12至20公里範圍內, 且R-77的終端獵殺動能與NEZ非當時AIM-120所能及, 颱風戰機如果使用AIM-120去力拼使用R-77與其後續衍生型的SU-35的話, 將取不到可以令人接受的空戰交換比....若要維持EF-2000的空戰有效性至2030年以後的話, 該系統的模擬結論為：”一款有效射程如鳳凰（100公里以上, 一說＞150公里）, 機動性如ASRAAM, 擁有20至80公里範圍NEZ的主動雷達導引衝壓推進BVRAAM”（雙脈衝火箭推進經模擬被認為無法滿足需要）, 這後來成為流星飛彈計畫的開發宗旨目標, 也影響了ASRAAM的性能設計取向.
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To USAF would use to furtividade of the F/A-22 to approach and flee without to be bothered and by this the F/A-22 has less need of a missile of long reach. The F/A-22 finished defined the difference of operation between Europeans and U.S.A.
The results of the simulations of the Eurofighter equipped with the Meteor were compared with others hunts. The adversary was the Su-27 modernized (equivalent to the Su-35) equipped with THE-10 or R-77 (given more worse) he had the following results:
（完整版的對抗Su-35 + R-77模擬交換比）
The hunts Reason of the Change (%)
F/A-22：90% （AIM-120）
EF2000：82-75% （Meteor）
F-15F：60%（AIM-120）
F-15E：55%（AIM-120）
F-15C：43%（AIM-120）
Rafale：50% （MICA）
F-18E：45-25% （AIM-120）
Gripen：40% （AIM-120）
M-2000-5：35% （MICA）
Tornado F3：30% （AIM-120）
F-18C：21% （AIM-120）
F-16C：21% （AIM-120）
The chance of a conventional airship survive to a furtive hunting is missing of 10% (F/A-22 against Su-27). The Eurofighter has good results by also have a small one RCS in the quadrant frontal that is the more important in the battle BVR and use the missile Meteor in the simulation.
Obs: THE F-15F was a proposal of F-15 with systems advanced. All of the western huntings they used the AMRAAM with exception of the Rafale French that they use the MICA.
The air-air missiles technology is able to defined the depth from the air battle. Who it has the most greatest reach controls the commitment.
Ａ：
以上是截止1997年時的整體模擬結果總結：面對SU-35 + R-77與其衍生型組合, 只有匿蹤性追求完美的猛禽, 與擁有部份匿蹤優勢（這被認為只佔少部份獲勝要素）與流星級BVRAAM（這被認為是獲勝關鍵）的颱風戰機, 能在公平較量狀態下於BVR對戰中取得甜頭.
當時的綜合結論是在以Su-35 + R-77為對手時，F-22 + AIM-120C可以取得超過10比1的壓倒性優勢交換比，而EF-2000 + Meteor亦能取得3至4.5比1的可觀優勢交換比；不過到了2000年左右，流星飛彈研發團隊在其網站中表示：”根據其最新超級電腦模擬，EF- 2000 + Meteor在以Su-35 + R-77乃至R-77M為對手時，其交換比足可與F-22 + AIM-120C相媲美，而造價卻只有後者的1/2~1/3．”當然，此宣稱很可能只是過於誇大競標廣告～因為當流星飛彈打敗FMRAAM後不久，此一宣稱便和其網站一同消失了，現用的英國廣告較為含蓄間接，但意思好像也差不多：
”美國空軍準備用猛禽戰機來對抗的空中威脅，我們以EF-2000 + METEOR作為對策方案～成本只有老美方案的數分之一”
”EF-2000 + METEOR組合足以應付任何已知的空中對手”
In a battle simulated in 1996, with four F-15 armed with AIM-120 against others four F-15 simulating Mig-29 armed with R-27 and R-73, the pilots blue did not see the enemy and neither the wing. Did not they maneuver to more of 3g’s and never they flew invertidos.
The envelope of battle to short distances and long distances they were separate. In a simulation in the JOUST in 1996 showed that an aim to more of 40km was free to maneuver. Any missile can be avoided in the maximum reach.
With the present missiles air-air the commitment will be between 15-40km. Missiles of short reach are more more lethal to less than 8km. Between 8-15km the aim still can avoid the approximate battle.
The Meteor will have long reach and more energy to long distances. The objective is increase to NEZ. The datalink of two roads will be used to inform that the missile found the aim.
The ASRAAM follows similar tactics upon be an option more cockroach against aim still beyond the visual reach.
Ａ：
現有中程空對空飛彈
實戰動態高獵殺率射程範圍約在15至40公里範圍間
短程空對空飛彈
實戰動態高獵殺率射程範圍則在數百公尺至8公里範圍間
對於高速高機動敵機而言
40公里範圍外，與8至15公里範圍間，存在可利用規避飛彈攻擊的機動空間．而流星飛彈（NEZ範圍從20公里至80公里，且號稱可在90 至100公里外有效迎擊9G機動目標）與ASRAAM（實戰動態有效射程從500公尺處至15~25公里+範圍間）的組合，則能有效彌補這些Gap．
A hunting should have capacity multi-aim. Datalincar several missiles at the same time also is desirable. If a hunting has avionicos upper as assignment of aim by third or datalink, this requer the formulation of tactics. Also requer good coordination and discipline of formation.
The general tactics depend on each plataforma. An air battle between opponents equipped with missiles of long reach with active radar is characterized by you vary offensive actions, followed by maneuvers defensives. The meeting is followed with a serie of change of missiles (himself not houver defeats before). The upper combination defeats, knocking down the enemy or foge for lack of weapon or fuel.
The altitude and speed are important for the huntings and missiles air-air. The missiles are more effective against aim flying high or the decrease speed. Also it is more dependable fly Pass and quick. The dilemma is seek the combination of altitude, speed and geometry of meeting to maximize the own forces and minimize the of the enemy.
In case of of an airship with big energy of agility/manobrabilidade but little autonomy to fight, the pilot can choose a flight of short duration and big energy or he prolong the fight flying bass and with little energy. Flying bass the pilot stayed in the defensive, but with similar duration of battle to of fight of big energy.
He have a better missile he generates less demand of the pilot. In approximate battles, to bigger task he went he maintain the conscience from the situation.
The studies of the JOUST determined some carateristicas important things of a modern airship of hunting:
（JOUST計畫研究結論, 幾個攸關空戰勝負的關鍵指標）
- Agility of energy.
The excess of power or SEP is vital so much in the dogfight as much as in the arena BVR. This already it was perceived in the Vietnam when the huntings obtained maneuver to avoid the missiles. A hunter should be good to accelerate in straight line and go up in the SEP of great profile.
（無論遠射近纏, 戰機剩餘功率都是極度重要的性能指標, 悠關著戰機直線加速性能, 飛彈有效射程, 以及閃避敵襲飛彈能力）
- Manobrabilidade of energy.
It is the capacity of maintain curves without a lot loss of energy
（空戰勝負關鍵重要指標二：能量利用效率～能在轉彎等機動中損失動能較少的戰機設計, 擁有較佳的勝算）
- Persistence of battle.
It is the quantity of energy and weapons. Also it signifies maintain speed without use the powders-combustor
（持續戰力：包括武裝, 戰機能量, 以及不開後燃器的巡航時速等等）
- Furtividade or RCS.
Helps in the against-deteccao and contramedidas electronic
（匿蹤性）
- Integration of Sensors
To facilitate to disponibilizacao of information and conscience from the situation
（偵測器資料整合/SA能力）
- Systems of weapons.
The weaknesses and strong points should be acquaintances to exploit the weapons friends and enemy.
（敵我空戰武裝性能比較）
Another hunts studied by the JOUST went the JSF (F-35) in several generic configurations for future settings.
The pilots of the Tornado F.3 from the RAF that would go participate in you quiz of the JTIDS in August of 1994 they used the JOUST to develop tactics before of him you had. It resulted in vitoria relativamente easy against the F-15 from the USAF and afterwards against others hunts like Mig-29 Germans.
（皇家空軍在吃了JOUST菠菜後, 墊定日後以龍捲風F3 + 天閃 + JTIDS卻能狂電老美F-15C + AIM-120與老德MIG-29的戰術基礎）
To RAF modelou the probability of an airship of attack survive in an air space well defended, using barely the computers and crew members in simuladores of the JOUST. The best index of survival went to of the Tornado of two places where the navigator carried out the while defensives task the pilot flew the airship. The Harrier and Jaguar, airships monoposto, they had always less capacity of survival.
（JOUST的另一發現：兩個飛官恰恰好.............）
The JOUST uses human users (MITL - man-in-the-loop) instead of algorithms by several motives. Human be him can explain the razoes of the result of the battle, instead of alone show the final result. The pilots can study the factors that caused to the success, or limited sweats efficiency. Without a pilot for esplicar the razoes of an unexpected result, as in a simulation MITL, an analyst using digital modeling will be forced try estimate it the razoes upon observe the battle. It will have that move the tactics from the digital modeling to be sure that the result was not caused by the inadequate tactics.
The way MITL also supplies indication from the difficulty involved in the use of a private system and an idea of the kind of pilot that will go use the system from the best way. Considerando a hunting with bigger agility than another, a pilot that uses this capacity correctly will be better. The pilot will go he concentrate in stayed in the great area of the envelope to maintain bigger energy than the opponent.
The digital modeling still he has importance. If they will go necessary he quiz many parameters at the same time, and he quiz small variations, he is necessary he use digital modeling to repeat systematically the settings. I spend less time and more cheap in we will have of hand of work. The algorithm is calibrated with referencia of the human performance. The pilot also is capable of he call attention of problems in the software.
The JOUST passed he equip it three bases from the RAF that received assemblies of 4 stations between 1994-1995. Afterwards they were modernized to permit fights 4x4.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
旁敲側擊，有的沒的第一屆RAF歐洲颱風 v.s IAF超級側衛友誼賽戰果消息綜合收集：
（消息來源：印度空軍網路論壇，皇家嘴砲團，某位到當地參訪的中國網友心得見聞.......）
1. 在整個軍演期間，雙方的交鋒絕大多數都是不開雷達的次音速近距狗戰，超音速以上的交鋒少之又少。
2. 整體較量結果雙方祕而不宣，不過由於雙方是採多異種機混編成AB兩隊後再行交戰訓練的模式，因此事實上也很難清楚釐清兩者具體高下優劣。
3. 根據某印度飛官的暗示說法，整體而言兩者在狗戰上應該是大體旗鼓相當，各有所長，在近戰交鋒時各有各進退趨避的一套：Su-30MKI在高攻角超機動性能上吃香，EF-2000則在能量機動維持與機敏性上占優（某印度飛官讚之曰：＂不愧頂級空優Hunter之名........＂）。
4. 依照某中國網友在當地的心得見聞表示，EF-2000在短場起飛性能與加速爬升等性能領域指標上，確實是優於Su-30MKI。
5. 皇家嘴砲團的自賣自誇：
a. 在這次軍演中Su-30MKI所展示出來的飛行性能與機動性，比RAF在JOUST模擬中假想對手超級側衛所設定的性能參數為低（言下之意若颱風戰機在BVR領域全力以赴的話......然而印度佬便真的有在這次軍演中使出Su-30MKI的渾身解數嗎？？？）
b. TVC讓Su-30MKI在次音速近距機砲狗戰中的超機動身法無機可出其右，HMS更是讓目前同類裝備欠奉的颱風戰機於狗戰時會吃上不小悶虧，然而在BVR空戰超音速機敏性領域上，颱風戰機依然領先側衛戰機一代。
c. 側衛戰機在內載油箱近乎全滿時擁有令人驚嘆的作戰航程，然而此時其整體空戰運動性能並無足可觀之處；等到其內載燃油減至足以充分展現戰機運動性能時，便換成其作戰航程相對腿短.........
d. 一名印度飛官在受訪時表示其對龍捲風F3防空攔截戰機上的獵狐者雷達之性能表現感到印象深刻。
e. 根據某第25龍捲風F3防空攔截戰機中隊飛官於受訪時表示：＂在BVR空戰領域上，接受過一連串升級改良的龍捲風F3防空攔截戰機目前仍然足以和Su-30MKI一拼。＂
-----------------------------------------
http://www.sistemasdearmas.hpg.ig.com.br/aam/meteor.html
JOUST
The JOUST is a simulator of air-air fights of long reach multiusenario from the DERA (present QinetiQ) that was used to help applications of the program Meteor.
The JOUST is a capable system of modelar fights air to long distance (BVR - Beyond Visual Grinds) realistic with human control and digital modeling using simulation of high resolution.
They are 12 stations (now added of four simulators of the Eurofighter), more 3 stations of command to generate aim, missiles BE, radars and airships AWACS.
More of 60 evaluations were driven from the decade of 90 by pilots from the RAF and RN during 6 years. Each evaluation had lasted two to four weeks. The battles were 4x4 and also hears participation of others countries.
The JOUST is used for researches of battle to short distance and to long distances, development of tactics, equipment news use doctrine (Rafale by example), training, studies of interface man-machine and study of settings.
The JOUST is capable of simulating workings of radar, RCS of airships, datalink JTIDS to change of information, electronic countermeasures and its effect in the sensors. Is able to simulate new sensors as an IRST and situations of environment that confuse to deteccao infravermelha. The given saints melted with screen Kalman and shown in a screen of vision of God.
The system is capable of generate airships controlled digital as package of bombardeiros flying bass. The battle can be helped by an AEW modelado or of human control for the two sides.
They were studied the factors that they do a hunting over another in the arena BVR, as fuselagem, aerodynamics, propulsao, avionicos and performance of weapons. You quiz they were them a success for show like a weapons/airship systems combination functions and relate with the battle BVR.
All of the aspects of the study about the battle BVR they were grouped in the following categories:
- Studies of effectiveness to evaluate performance of you vary airships and weapons, in you vary task
- Researches in the huntings performance areas (fuselagem, weapons, avionicos and sensors) to help to direct researches for studies of better option.
- Evaluate the options of modernizacao of airships
- Analyzes and formulation of tactics BVR, present and future.
The studies were focado in the following areas:
- Battle effectiveness Studies in air settings of superiority and air defense
- Studies of Integration of avionicos of huntings and studies of balanceamento of systems
- Analyzes battle tactics formulation BVR for huntings, sensors and weapons (present and future)
The studies concentrated in the Eurofighter. The opponents were the Mig-29, Su-27 and derived (Su-35). They were modelados vary options of radar, avionicos and weapons. The settings varied since generic air defense with convoy of bombardeiros, keeps pure air superiority (with or without AEW of each side).
Also it was quizzed to study option of hunting more cheap with or without systems got worse like IRST, DASS and JTIDS/MIDS.
The future radar AESA of the Eurofighter also was quizzed, with multiple and unique configuration of antenna to compare long reach cover.
Ａ：
以上是JOUST系統的介紹, 簡而言之, 其為一套可考量多方面變因（AWACS, DATALINK, 電戰, 雷達, 光電, 武器系統, 戰機RCS變化, 戰機性能等等）, 全面模擬空對空作戰狀況與研發探討戰術應用的電腦模擬系統, 在應用於颱風戰機的開發過程中, 其曾用於模擬探討IRST, DASS, JTIDS/MIDS, 乃至還在構想階段的AESA雷達等戰機子系統的效益評估.
＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
In May of 1993 was initiated studies of the applications of the program Meteor that they were evaluated to will be applied in the program Eurofighter. They were evaluated weaknesses and points fortresses of the project, as configurations of propellant. They were carried out more three evaluations in the two years to quiz proposals. The facts were used to them determine the final specifications. The facts also influenced the program ASRAAM.
The majority of the battles studied showed that they would be between 20-50km. Below 12-20km will be inside the visual reach. The application was reach maximum well beyond 100km (> 150km) and more more lineal profile speed, with in the-escape zone (NEZ) of 20-80km that would be factor critic in the arena BVR.
The performance was similar to the AIM-54 Phoenix with agility of the ASRAAM. The motor solido of double impulse was considerado before of the ramjet, but nao would fill the applications.
The very demanding application caused to adoption of propulsao ramjet to reach the speed, reach and manobrabilidade terminal. The limitation was to interface with the Eurofigther and ejetor embutido.
An of the applications of the program BVRAAM was furtive launching, with the enemy pilot receiving alerts most minimum that the missile was shot, reducing the evasive opportunity of action; sufficient energy to pursue and destroy very agile aim; strong performance in electronic environment of war; capacity of engajar, shoot and desengajar quick to increase the survival.
The simulations showed that a hunting armed with an assets radar air-air missile of long reach would try shoot the missile and flee quick. The aim is able to against-attack with another missile BVR and try evade losing altitude and leading missile for denser atmosphere. If sobe quick, the missile in pursuit will have difficulty in go up new to accompany.
You had him also showed that the battle would be of shots BVR multiple, with opponents shooting and fleeing or evading, always outside of the visual reach. The perdedor generally was what lost first altitude, or flew subsonico and stayed herself options, stayed without weapons or fuel and fled.
The objective of the experiment passed be it to superacao of the R-77 that was much most better that AMRAAM in energy.
The simulation resulted us applications of the BVRAAM that should arm the Eurofighter British to obtain superiority to 2030. The threat they were hunts others with equivalent missile. The threat key was the Russian missile Vympel R-77 (AA-12 Adder) and future variantes.
The capacity BVR intial of the program Eurofighter rotated around the AMRAAM. The Eurofighter did not have furtividade to exceed the Su-27 armed with the R-77. The answer would be able to be missile of bigger reach than the AMRAAM.
Ａ：
自1993年五月起, 本系統開始應用於探討未來BVRAAM的性能需求, 根據其模擬結果：現代的BVR空戰範圍多在20至50公里範圍內展開, WVR空戰範圍則多在12至20公里範圍內, 且R-77的終端獵殺動能與NEZ非當時AIM-120所能及, 颱風戰機如果使用AIM-120去力拼使用R-77與其後續衍生型的SU-35的話, 將取不到可以令人接受的空戰交換比....若要維持EF-2000的空戰有效性至2030年以後的話, 該系統的模擬結論為：”一款有效射程如鳳凰（100公里以上, 一說＞150公里）, 機動性如ASRAAM, 擁有20至80公里範圍NEZ的主動雷達導引衝壓推進BVRAAM”（雙脈衝火箭推進經模擬被認為無法滿足需要）, 這後來成為流星飛彈計畫的開發宗旨目標, 也影響了ASRAAM的性能設計取向.
＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
To USAF would use to furtividade of the F/A-22 to approach and flee without to be bothered and by this the F/A-22 has less need of a missile of long reach. The F/A-22 finished defined the difference of operation between Europeans and U.S.A.
The results of the simulations of the Eurofighter equipped with the Meteor were compared with others hunts. The adversary was the Su-27 modernized (equivalent to the Su-35) equipped with THE-10 or R-77 (given more worse) he had the following results:
（完整版的對抗Su-35 + R-77模擬交換比）
The hunts Reason of the Change (%)
F/A-22：90% （AIM-120）
EF2000：82-75% （Meteor）
F-15F：60%（AIM-120）
F-15E：55%（AIM-120）
F-15C：43%（AIM-120）
Rafale：50% （MICA）
F-18E：45-25% （AIM-120）
Gripen：40% （AIM-120）
M-2000-5：35% （MICA）
Tornado F3：30% （AIM-120）
F-18C：21% （AIM-120）
F-16C：21% （AIM-120）
The chance of a conventional airship survive to a furtive hunting is missing of 10% (F/A-22 against Su-27). The Eurofighter has good results by also have a small one RCS in the quadrant frontal that is the more important in the battle BVR and use the missile Meteor in the simulation.
Obs: THE F-15F was a proposal of F-15 with systems advanced. All of the western huntings they used the AMRAAM with exception of the Rafale French that they use the MICA.
The air-air missiles technology is able to defined the depth from the air battle. Who it has the most greatest reach controls the commitment.
Ａ：
以上是截止1997年時的整體模擬結果總結：面對SU-35 + R-77與其衍生型組合, 只有匿蹤性追求完美的猛禽, 與擁有部份匿蹤優勢（這被認為只佔少部份獲勝要素）與流星級BVRAAM（這被認為是獲勝關鍵）的颱風戰機, 能在公平較量狀態下於BVR對戰中取得甜頭.
當時的綜合結論是在以Su-35 + R-77為對手時，F-22 + AIM-120C可以取得超過10比1的壓倒性優勢交換比，而EF-2000 + Meteor亦能取得3至4.5比1的可觀優勢交換比；不過到了2000年左右，流星飛彈研發團隊在其網站中表示：”根據其最新超級電腦模擬，EF- 2000 + Meteor在以Su-35 + R-77乃至R-77M為對手時，其交換比足可與F-22 + AIM-120C相媲美，而造價卻只有後者的1/2~1/3．”當然，此宣稱很可能只是過於誇大競標廣告～因為當流星飛彈打敗FMRAAM後不久，此一宣稱便和其網站一同消失了，現用的英國廣告較為含蓄間接，但意思好像也差不多：
”美國空軍準備用猛禽戰機來對抗的空中威脅，我們以EF-2000 + METEOR作為對策方案～成本只有老美方案的數分之一”
”EF-2000 + METEOR組合足以應付任何已知的空中對手”
In a battle simulated in 1996, with four F-15 armed with AIM-120 against others four F-15 simulating Mig-29 armed with R-27 and R-73, the pilots blue did not see the enemy and neither the wing. Did not they maneuver to more of 3g’s and never they flew invertidos.
The envelope of battle to short distances and long distances they were separate. In a simulation in the JOUST in 1996 showed that an aim to more of 40km was free to maneuver. Any missile can be avoided in the maximum reach.
With the present missiles air-air the commitment will be between 15-40km. Missiles of short reach are more more lethal to less than 8km. Between 8-15km the aim still can avoid the approximate battle.
The Meteor will have long reach and more energy to long distances. The objective is increase to NEZ. The datalink of two roads will be used to inform that the missile found the aim.
The ASRAAM follows similar tactics upon be an option more cockroach against aim still beyond the visual reach.
Ａ：
現有中程空對空飛彈
實戰動態高獵殺率射程範圍約在15至40公里範圍間
短程空對空飛彈
實戰動態高獵殺率射程範圍則在數百公尺至8公里範圍間
對於高速高機動敵機而言
40公里範圍外，與8至15公里範圍間，存在可利用規避飛彈攻擊的機動空間．而流星飛彈（NEZ範圍從20公里至80公里，且號稱可在90 至100公里外有效迎擊9G機動目標）與ASRAAM（實戰動態有效射程從500公尺處至15~25公里+範圍間）的組合，則能有效彌補這些Gap．
A hunting should have capacity multi-aim. Datalincar several missiles at the same time also is desirable. If a hunting has avionicos upper as assignment of aim by third or datalink, this requer the formulation of tactics. Also requer good coordination and discipline of formation.
The general tactics depend on each plataforma. An air battle between opponents equipped with missiles of long reach with active radar is characterized by you vary offensive actions, followed by maneuvers defensives. The meeting is followed with a serie of change of missiles (himself not houver defeats before). The upper combination defeats, knocking down the enemy or foge for lack of weapon or fuel.
The altitude and speed are important for the huntings and missiles air-air. The missiles are more effective against aim flying high or the decrease speed. Also it is more dependable fly Pass and quick. The dilemma is seek the combination of altitude, speed and geometry of meeting to maximize the own forces and minimize the of the enemy.
In case of of an airship with big energy of agility/manobrabilidade but little autonomy to fight, the pilot can choose a flight of short duration and big energy or he prolong the fight flying bass and with little energy. Flying bass the pilot stayed in the defensive, but with similar duration of battle to of fight of big energy.
He have a better missile he generates less demand of the pilot. In approximate battles, to bigger task he went he maintain the conscience from the situation.
The studies of the JOUST determined some carateristicas important things of a modern airship of hunting:
（JOUST計畫研究結論, 幾個攸關空戰勝負的關鍵指標）
- Agility of energy.
The excess of power or SEP is vital so much in the dogfight as much as in the arena BVR. This already it was perceived in the Vietnam when the huntings obtained maneuver to avoid the missiles. A hunter should be good to accelerate in straight line and go up in the SEP of great profile.
（無論遠射近纏, 戰機剩餘功率都是極度重要的性能指標, 悠關著戰機直線加速性能, 飛彈有效射程, 以及閃避敵襲飛彈能力）
- Manobrabilidade of energy.
It is the capacity of maintain curves without a lot loss of energy
（空戰勝負關鍵重要指標二：能量利用效率～能在轉彎等機動中損失動能較少的戰機設計, 擁有較佳的勝算）
- Persistence of battle.
It is the quantity of energy and weapons. Also it signifies maintain speed without use the powders-combustor
（持續戰力：包括武裝, 戰機能量, 以及不開後燃器的巡航時速等等）
- Furtividade or RCS.
Helps in the against-deteccao and contramedidas electronic
（匿蹤性）
- Integration of Sensors
To facilitate to disponibilizacao of information and conscience from the situation
（偵測器資料整合/SA能力）
- Systems of weapons.
The weaknesses and strong points should be acquaintances to exploit the weapons friends and enemy.
（敵我空戰武裝性能比較）
Another hunts studied by the JOUST went the JSF (F-35) in several generic configurations for future settings.
The pilots of the Tornado F.3 from the RAF that would go participate in you quiz of the JTIDS in August of 1994 they used the JOUST to develop tactics before of him you had. It resulted in vitoria relativamente easy against the F-15 from the USAF and afterwards against others hunts like Mig-29 Germans.
（皇家空軍在吃了JOUST菠菜後, 墊定日後以龍捲風F3 + 天閃 + JTIDS卻能狂電老美F-15C + AIM-120與老德MIG-29的戰術基礎）
To RAF modelou the probability of an airship of attack survive in an air space well defended, using barely the computers and crew members in simuladores of the JOUST. The best index of survival went to of the Tornado of two places where the navigator carried out the while defensives task the pilot flew the airship. The Harrier and Jaguar, airships monoposto, they had always less capacity of survival.
（JOUST的另一發現：兩個飛官恰恰好.............）
The JOUST uses human users (MITL - man-in-the-loop) instead of algorithms by several motives. Human be him can explain the razoes of the result of the battle, instead of alone show the final result. The pilots can study the factors that caused to the success, or limited sweats efficiency. Without a pilot for esplicar the razoes of an unexpected result, as in a simulation MITL, an analyst using digital modeling will be forced try estimate it the razoes upon observe the battle. It will have that move the tactics from the digital modeling to be sure that the result was not caused by the inadequate tactics.
The way MITL also supplies indication from the difficulty involved in the use of a private system and an idea of the kind of pilot that will go use the system from the best way. Considerando a hunting with bigger agility than another, a pilot that uses this capacity correctly will be better. The pilot will go he concentrate in stayed in the great area of the envelope to maintain bigger energy than the opponent.
The digital modeling still he has importance. If they will go necessary he quiz many parameters at the same time, and he quiz small variations, he is necessary he use digital modeling to repeat systematically the settings. I spend less time and more cheap in we will have of hand of work. The algorithm is calibrated with referencia of the human performance. The pilot also is capable of he call attention of problems in the software.
The JOUST passed he equip it three bases from the RAF that received assemblies of 4 stations between 1994-1995. Afterwards they were modernized to permit fights 4x4.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
旁敲側擊，有的沒的第一屆RAF歐洲颱風 v.s IAF超級側衛友誼賽戰果消息綜合收集：
（消息來源：印度空軍網路論壇，皇家嘴砲團，某位到當地參訪的中國網友心得見聞.......）
1. 在整個軍演期間，雙方的交鋒絕大多數都是不開雷達的次音速近距狗戰，超音速以上的交鋒少之又少。
2. 整體較量結果雙方祕而不宣，不過由於雙方是採多異種機混編成AB兩隊後再行交戰訓練的模式，因此事實上也很難清楚釐清兩者具體高下優劣。
3. 根據某印度飛官的暗示說法，整體而言兩者在狗戰上應該是大體旗鼓相當，各有所長，在近戰交鋒時各有各進退趨避的一套：Su-30MKI在高攻角超機動性能上吃香，EF-2000則在能量機動維持與機敏性上占優（某印度飛官讚之曰：＂不愧頂級空優Hunter之名........＂）。
4. 依照某中國網友在當地的心得見聞表示，EF-2000在短場起飛性能與加速爬升等性能領域指標上，確實是優於Su-30MKI。
5. 皇家嘴砲團的自賣自誇：
a. 在這次軍演中Su-30MKI所展示出來的飛行性能與機動性，比RAF在JOUST模擬中假想對手超級側衛所設定的性能參數為低（言下之意若颱風戰機在BVR領域全力以赴的話......然而印度佬便真的有在這次軍演中使出Su-30MKI的渾身解數嗎？？？）
b. TVC讓Su-30MKI在次音速近距機砲狗戰中的超機動身法無機可出其右，HMS更是讓目前同類裝備欠奉的颱風戰機於狗戰時會吃上不小悶虧，然而在BVR空戰超音速機敏性領域上，颱風戰機依然領先側衛戰機一代。
c. 側衛戰機在內載油箱近乎全滿時擁有令人驚嘆的作戰航程，然而此時其整體空戰運動性能並無足可觀之處；等到其內載燃油減至足以充分展現戰機運動性能時，便換成其作戰航程相對腿短.........
d. 一名印度飛官在受訪時表示其對龍捲風F3防空攔截戰機上的獵狐者雷達之性能表現感到印象深刻。
e. 根據某第25龍捲風F3防空攔截戰機中隊飛官於受訪時表示：＂在BVR空戰領域上，接受過一連串升級改良的龍捲風F3防空攔截戰機目前仍然足以和Su-30MKI一拼。＂
解構現階段中共應急作戰能力
解構現階段中共應急作戰能力
2008/01/06 （青年日報韜略談兵版）
陳總統在二○○六年元旦首度提出中共對台作戰將在「二○○七年之前，全面形成應急作戰能力；二○一○年之前，具備大規模作戰能力；二○一五年之前，具備決戰決勝能力」之後，中共「應急作戰能力」的概念，遂引發各界的高度關注。
「應急作戰」的概念，依據一九九七年的《中共人民解放軍軍語》的解釋是指：「為應付各種緊急或意外情況而進行的作戰」。這個類似美軍「快速反應部隊」的概念，隨著近年來戰爭的機械化與資訊化的發展，「應急作戰」更被發揚光大，尤其是美軍在後冷戰時期幾場高科技戰爭中的表現，更是將應急作戰的特點發揮到了極致。
美軍就認為，應急作戰是美軍作戰的常規形式和主要任務，對危害美國及其盟國利益的國家或組織，應實施快速打擊與突然襲擊，以營救被扣押的人質，更要顯示武力或使用特種部隊透過戰鬥蒐集情報等而採取的軍事行動。隨著高科技武器裝備的發展和資訊時代的來臨，應急作戰發生了許多新的變化，更一躍成為現代和未來資訊化局部戰爭中的重要作戰模式。
一般「應急作戰」的特點，包括有作戰對手的不確定性、作戰時間的不確定性、作戰地點的不確定性、作戰手段不確定性等各方面的不確定性，戰爭準備時間短，甚至來不及準備、戰爭決策時間短需要應急決策等。
中共應急作戰戰略建構
中共前國家主席江澤民在一九八九年和一九九○年，先後視察雲南、西藏、新疆、內蒙古和廣西等地的中共部隊，並在一九九○年十二月舉行的全軍軍事工作會議上，確定了加快組建應急機動作戰部隊的戰略方針，這也是中共建構應急作戰能力的起源。
江澤民並在一九九一年強調「技術落後就意味著被動挨打」，因此他要求共軍應該強化高科技，尤其是電子技術的研發與運用。在這個前提下，當時中共所建立的「打贏高技術條件下的局部戰爭」的軍事戰略，就是意圖在「遠戰速勝，首戰決勝」的戰略構想上，進行共軍軍事裝備的全面現代化。
一九九九年十一月二十四日，江澤民在中共「中央」軍委「三講」會議上指出，應急機動作戰部隊的建設取得了重大進步，應急作戰部隊將逐漸成為中共應付局部戰爭和突發事件的拳頭。
在江澤民軍事戰略的指導之下，中共發展應急作戰能力被認為呈現出兩項目的與特點：
（一）中共不能一味依靠人海戰術應對高科技局部戰爭，單純依靠部隊數量，一步一崗，搞人海戰術，養兵再多也不夠用。未來高技術局部戰爭準備時間短，進程快，初戰即具有決定性意義。所以應急作戰觀念的提出，也是江澤民改變傳統上共軍堅持採用毛澤東「人民戰爭」中的「持久戰」觀念，逐步走上「打贏高技術局部戰爭」的戰略觀。
（二）當時中共的財力狀況不佳，所以要求先保障應急機動作戰部隊，軍隊現代化建設不可能齊頭並進，只能有先有後，分梯次建設。對應急機動作戰部隊，在武器裝備、物資和經費等方面中共特別實行重點保障。
共軍應急作戰能力現況
共軍部隊基本上分為一線守備部隊、戰區輪值部隊和應急機動作戰部隊三大類。為能因應處理突發事件，近年來積極進行應急機動部隊戰備部署，這裡面包括二砲部隊、沿海一線空軍部隊、東海及南海艦隊新一代作戰艦艇、七大軍區所屬地面部隊編成，近期並強調超越傳統作戰模式，面對優勢之敵，共軍主張應突破戰場與非戰場限制，以各種軍事或非軍事手段，爭取勝利，這對共軍作戰理念已產生一定程度影響。
目前共軍對台應急作戰戰力包括：
地面部隊：共軍現有七大軍區、十八個集團軍，地面部隊總兵力近一百三十萬人。七大軍區分別為南京、廣州、濟南、北京、瀋陽、蘭州及成都軍區，其中南京、廣州軍區，以對台作戰為首要任務，對台作戰部隊約四十萬人，可立即投入對台應急機動作戰部隊約十八萬人。各大軍區均編有未經臨戰訓練之應急機動部隊，可在一至三天內，在空運與陸航部隊支援下，將兵力增援於南京、廣州軍區遂行作戰任務。共軍現有之電子對抗部隊，具備對台灣進行電子干擾與攻擊之能力。
海軍部隊：共軍海軍應急機動作戰部隊現有二個陸戰旅及各型艦艇一百四十餘艘，共約兩萬八千多人。中共方面認為東海及南海是最有可能引發海上武裝衝突之海域，因此其海軍應急機動作戰部隊，主要以東海、南海艦隊兵力為主；並以踞中央位置的東海艦隊，掌握支援南、北海域作戰任務。東海艦隊上海、舟山基地主戰兵力或是南海艦隊廣州基地主戰兵力，可在三天內抵達當面支援作戰。
為強化非正規登陸之防空及突擊上陸之兵力，共軍已訂定徵租法規，律定徵用商船作為「船載砲兵、艦載防空兵」。台灣對岸蘇、浙、閩三省，非正規登陸作戰之機漁船（八十噸以上）約有一萬六千餘艘，若以每艘裝載五十名，則可裝載約四十萬名輕裝步兵；中共沿海現有各式商貨輪約一千三百餘艘，其中實際可動員商貨輪約八百餘艘，可運載五至七個建制步兵師。
航空部隊：共軍軍空軍及海軍航空兵應急機動作戰部隊，現有航空師、獨立團、雷達營、導彈師、導彈旅、導彈團、空降師及後勤場站等部隊，編配各型作戰飛機約八百餘架，兵力約四萬人，可立即投入戰鬥。
二砲部隊：二砲部隊現有總兵力約十三萬人，部署約一千枚「東風系列」機動短程飛彈或巡弋飛彈作為對台作戰用途，並以每年約七十五至一百枚的速度增加。
對台應急作戰戰術模式
當前共軍強化應急作戰能力，大致是放在對台作戰的準備上，二○○五年共軍地面部隊以對台應急作戰準備為主軸的演訓共計二十餘次、二○○六年共軍持續加強對台應急作戰針對性演訓計三十餘次，並強化空機降的三棲登陸作戰演訓，以累積快速登島作戰經驗為日後武力犯台預作準備。
中共對台應急作戰主要是掌握「速戰速決」的要點，過去以來戰略上的討論可能採取作戰模式大致可歸納為︰
（一）斬首戰：以水上摩托車、小型氣墊船、翼地效應飛行器與直升機搭載特種部隊，在先期潛伏間諜的引導下，沿淡水河而上，綁架或刺殺我國的行政首長，以逼迫我國與中共談判。
（二）點穴戰：運用巡弋飛彈或彈道飛彈，用最短的時間、最準確的方式，對高價值的政治、軍事指揮中樞、電力與通訊系統進行「點穴突擊」，以癱瘓台灣C4ISR（指揮、管制、通信、電腦、情報及監偵）系統。
（三）威懾戰：此類行動具備逐次升壓、武力展示、靈活運用及衝突界限模糊等特質，目的在運用未及全面戰爭門檻的各種軍事手段，屈服或打擊我方意志。威懾戰的運用手段包括：「大軍演訓施壓」、「網路電子干擾」、「機艦海空挑釁」、「局部封鎖脅迫」、「全面封鎖窒息」等。
（四）資訊戰：共軍已建立網路部隊，可透過木馬程式、駭客入侵等；另亦可能使用電磁脈衝武器，徹底掌控台海制電磁權，以達到直接癱瘓我C4ISR能力的目的。
（五）登陸戰：在彈道飛彈、巡弋飛彈、殲擊機與特種部隊的協同下，迅速瓦解台灣的防空能力，待機場、港口主要防衛力量被瓦解、重要橋樑也被共軍所控制，即可對台灣進行登陸及空運部隊。
除此之外，共軍軍事科學院的一位大校朱紹鵬二○○七年底在深圳的一場演講中，更提出對台要使出「攻心為上、奪控為重；島內決戰、島外決勝」的戰略原則，亦即共軍不需登陸台灣，只要在台灣島外進行決戰，藉此掌控台灣民心，他認為共軍如此就可以掌握優勢原則，順利解決台灣問題。
兩岸局勢詭譎，中共謀我之心日強，面對不斷追求現代化、資訊化作戰能力的共軍，我國備戰的準則除了強化防衛能力之外，如何理解共軍的戰略與戰術，也是我國立於不敗之地的要項。
2008/01/06 （青年日報韜略談兵版）
陳總統在二○○六年元旦首度提出中共對台作戰將在「二○○七年之前，全面形成應急作戰能力；二○一○年之前，具備大規模作戰能力；二○一五年之前，具備決戰決勝能力」之後，中共「應急作戰能力」的概念，遂引發各界的高度關注。
「應急作戰」的概念，依據一九九七年的《中共人民解放軍軍語》的解釋是指：「為應付各種緊急或意外情況而進行的作戰」。這個類似美軍「快速反應部隊」的概念，隨著近年來戰爭的機械化與資訊化的發展，「應急作戰」更被發揚光大，尤其是美軍在後冷戰時期幾場高科技戰爭中的表現，更是將應急作戰的特點發揮到了極致。
美軍就認為，應急作戰是美軍作戰的常規形式和主要任務，對危害美國及其盟國利益的國家或組織，應實施快速打擊與突然襲擊，以營救被扣押的人質，更要顯示武力或使用特種部隊透過戰鬥蒐集情報等而採取的軍事行動。隨著高科技武器裝備的發展和資訊時代的來臨，應急作戰發生了許多新的變化，更一躍成為現代和未來資訊化局部戰爭中的重要作戰模式。
一般「應急作戰」的特點，包括有作戰對手的不確定性、作戰時間的不確定性、作戰地點的不確定性、作戰手段不確定性等各方面的不確定性，戰爭準備時間短，甚至來不及準備、戰爭決策時間短需要應急決策等。
中共應急作戰戰略建構
中共前國家主席江澤民在一九八九年和一九九○年，先後視察雲南、西藏、新疆、內蒙古和廣西等地的中共部隊，並在一九九○年十二月舉行的全軍軍事工作會議上，確定了加快組建應急機動作戰部隊的戰略方針，這也是中共建構應急作戰能力的起源。
江澤民並在一九九一年強調「技術落後就意味著被動挨打」，因此他要求共軍應該強化高科技，尤其是電子技術的研發與運用。在這個前提下，當時中共所建立的「打贏高技術條件下的局部戰爭」的軍事戰略，就是意圖在「遠戰速勝，首戰決勝」的戰略構想上，進行共軍軍事裝備的全面現代化。
一九九九年十一月二十四日，江澤民在中共「中央」軍委「三講」會議上指出，應急機動作戰部隊的建設取得了重大進步，應急作戰部隊將逐漸成為中共應付局部戰爭和突發事件的拳頭。
在江澤民軍事戰略的指導之下，中共發展應急作戰能力被認為呈現出兩項目的與特點：
（一）中共不能一味依靠人海戰術應對高科技局部戰爭，單純依靠部隊數量，一步一崗，搞人海戰術，養兵再多也不夠用。未來高技術局部戰爭準備時間短，進程快，初戰即具有決定性意義。所以應急作戰觀念的提出，也是江澤民改變傳統上共軍堅持採用毛澤東「人民戰爭」中的「持久戰」觀念，逐步走上「打贏高技術局部戰爭」的戰略觀。
（二）當時中共的財力狀況不佳，所以要求先保障應急機動作戰部隊，軍隊現代化建設不可能齊頭並進，只能有先有後，分梯次建設。對應急機動作戰部隊，在武器裝備、物資和經費等方面中共特別實行重點保障。
共軍應急作戰能力現況
共軍部隊基本上分為一線守備部隊、戰區輪值部隊和應急機動作戰部隊三大類。為能因應處理突發事件，近年來積極進行應急機動部隊戰備部署，這裡面包括二砲部隊、沿海一線空軍部隊、東海及南海艦隊新一代作戰艦艇、七大軍區所屬地面部隊編成，近期並強調超越傳統作戰模式，面對優勢之敵，共軍主張應突破戰場與非戰場限制，以各種軍事或非軍事手段，爭取勝利，這對共軍作戰理念已產生一定程度影響。
目前共軍對台應急作戰戰力包括：
地面部隊：共軍現有七大軍區、十八個集團軍，地面部隊總兵力近一百三十萬人。七大軍區分別為南京、廣州、濟南、北京、瀋陽、蘭州及成都軍區，其中南京、廣州軍區，以對台作戰為首要任務，對台作戰部隊約四十萬人，可立即投入對台應急機動作戰部隊約十八萬人。各大軍區均編有未經臨戰訓練之應急機動部隊，可在一至三天內，在空運與陸航部隊支援下，將兵力增援於南京、廣州軍區遂行作戰任務。共軍現有之電子對抗部隊，具備對台灣進行電子干擾與攻擊之能力。
海軍部隊：共軍海軍應急機動作戰部隊現有二個陸戰旅及各型艦艇一百四十餘艘，共約兩萬八千多人。中共方面認為東海及南海是最有可能引發海上武裝衝突之海域，因此其海軍應急機動作戰部隊，主要以東海、南海艦隊兵力為主；並以踞中央位置的東海艦隊，掌握支援南、北海域作戰任務。東海艦隊上海、舟山基地主戰兵力或是南海艦隊廣州基地主戰兵力，可在三天內抵達當面支援作戰。
為強化非正規登陸之防空及突擊上陸之兵力，共軍已訂定徵租法規，律定徵用商船作為「船載砲兵、艦載防空兵」。台灣對岸蘇、浙、閩三省，非正規登陸作戰之機漁船（八十噸以上）約有一萬六千餘艘，若以每艘裝載五十名，則可裝載約四十萬名輕裝步兵；中共沿海現有各式商貨輪約一千三百餘艘，其中實際可動員商貨輪約八百餘艘，可運載五至七個建制步兵師。
航空部隊：共軍軍空軍及海軍航空兵應急機動作戰部隊，現有航空師、獨立團、雷達營、導彈師、導彈旅、導彈團、空降師及後勤場站等部隊，編配各型作戰飛機約八百餘架，兵力約四萬人，可立即投入戰鬥。
二砲部隊：二砲部隊現有總兵力約十三萬人，部署約一千枚「東風系列」機動短程飛彈或巡弋飛彈作為對台作戰用途，並以每年約七十五至一百枚的速度增加。
對台應急作戰戰術模式
當前共軍強化應急作戰能力，大致是放在對台作戰的準備上，二○○五年共軍地面部隊以對台應急作戰準備為主軸的演訓共計二十餘次、二○○六年共軍持續加強對台應急作戰針對性演訓計三十餘次，並強化空機降的三棲登陸作戰演訓，以累積快速登島作戰經驗為日後武力犯台預作準備。
中共對台應急作戰主要是掌握「速戰速決」的要點，過去以來戰略上的討論可能採取作戰模式大致可歸納為︰
（一）斬首戰：以水上摩托車、小型氣墊船、翼地效應飛行器與直升機搭載特種部隊，在先期潛伏間諜的引導下，沿淡水河而上，綁架或刺殺我國的行政首長，以逼迫我國與中共談判。
（二）點穴戰：運用巡弋飛彈或彈道飛彈，用最短的時間、最準確的方式，對高價值的政治、軍事指揮中樞、電力與通訊系統進行「點穴突擊」，以癱瘓台灣C4ISR（指揮、管制、通信、電腦、情報及監偵）系統。
（三）威懾戰：此類行動具備逐次升壓、武力展示、靈活運用及衝突界限模糊等特質，目的在運用未及全面戰爭門檻的各種軍事手段，屈服或打擊我方意志。威懾戰的運用手段包括：「大軍演訓施壓」、「網路電子干擾」、「機艦海空挑釁」、「局部封鎖脅迫」、「全面封鎖窒息」等。
（四）資訊戰：共軍已建立網路部隊，可透過木馬程式、駭客入侵等；另亦可能使用電磁脈衝武器，徹底掌控台海制電磁權，以達到直接癱瘓我C4ISR能力的目的。
（五）登陸戰：在彈道飛彈、巡弋飛彈、殲擊機與特種部隊的協同下，迅速瓦解台灣的防空能力，待機場、港口主要防衛力量被瓦解、重要橋樑也被共軍所控制，即可對台灣進行登陸及空運部隊。
除此之外，共軍軍事科學院的一位大校朱紹鵬二○○七年底在深圳的一場演講中，更提出對台要使出「攻心為上、奪控為重；島內決戰、島外決勝」的戰略原則，亦即共軍不需登陸台灣，只要在台灣島外進行決戰，藉此掌控台灣民心，他認為共軍如此就可以掌握優勢原則，順利解決台灣問題。
兩岸局勢詭譎，中共謀我之心日強，面對不斷追求現代化、資訊化作戰能力的共軍，我國備戰的準則除了強化防衛能力之外，如何理解共軍的戰略與戰術，也是我國立於不敗之地的要項。
Saturday, February 16, 2008
山西黑窯童工案
www.libertytimes.com.tw/2007/new/jun/16/today-int2.htm
山西黑窯童工案 驚動北京當局
中國警方日前從山西省臨汾市的磚窯場救出一批奴工。 （法新社）
〔編譯魏國金／綜合北京十五日外電報導〕中國媒體十五日報導，上千名兒童被販賣至山西、河南磚窯場當奴工。他們由打手與狼狗看管，一天工作超過十四個小時，在被警方救出的奴工中，部分年僅八歲。由於奴工生活環境慘無人道，中國舉國譁然，國家主席胡錦濤與總理溫家寶指示徹查該事件。
國營電台十五日播出警方救出山西省洪洞縣奴工的畫面，部分年輕人因太過虛弱，無法站起，有些人的臉、腿與背部有累累傷痕或潰爛傷口。警方並將磚窯場管理員趙延兵帶到攝影棚，描述他如何將一名五十七、八歲的男工活活打死。
他說︰「他的表現不好，所以想嚇嚇他，我拿起鏟子，沒想到他站起來反抗，所以我用鏟子猛打他的頭。」他也表示︰「如果工人試圖逃跑，我們會想辦法抓到他們，然後一陣痛打。」
一名公安表示，由於窯場內沒有廁所，夜晚若想如廁，只能就地解決。洪洞縣刑警大隊隊長林旭指出，在破獲曹生村村支書記長子王斌斌的磚窯場時，「工人們都很激動」，由於長年不能洗澡、刷牙、理髮，個個長髮披肩、惡臭撲鼻，大部分人身上都有燒傷，有些人神智不清。王斌斌表示，去年開始使用人口販子供應的奴工。
新華網報導，這些奴工部份是在巴士站、火車站被拐騙，有些則當街遭綁架，以人民幣五百元（台幣兩千一百七十五元）價碼被賣到磚窯場，「他們被鞭打、挨餓，在不支薪下被迫長時間工作」。
十七歲愛子去年四月在鄭州失蹤，之後與其他父母遍尋失蹤子女的蔡衛（譯音）說︰「在磚窯場內，你看到孩子們身上有著各類疤痕，有些人的傷還在流血。」他表示，某磚窯場奴工因試圖逃跑，背部慘遭熱磚塊烙燙。十七歲奴工張文隆（譯音）說，他去年三月上旬在鄭州火車站被人口販賣集團下麻藥迷昏，被賣為奴，每天清晨五時開工，直至半夜，三餐只以醃漬菜與白菜果腹，他親眼看過有人被打死。
新華社指出，至目前為止，已動員三萬五千名警力對七千五百家磚窯場突擊檢查，共有四百六十八人被救出、一百二十人被捕。
-----------------------------------------
山西黑窯 只是中國拐賣兒童黑幕一角
編譯魏國金／特稿
「山西黑窯童工揭開中國拐賣兒童黑幕一角，政府你在哪裡？」這名網友的質疑道盡中國媒體連篇累牘的抨擊、奴工家屬的心聲與中國群眾的不滿。他們都在問︰「政府你在哪裡？」
這起事件開始引人注目，源於一位母親的千里尋子。四十六歲的鄭州婦女羊愛枝聽聞三月八日失蹤的十六歲愛子可能被綁架、賣到磚窯場後，四月初開始自力走訪山西一百多家磚窯場。
她說，幾乎每處都有孩子被強迫做苦力，有些童工身上還穿著校服。新華社報導，有些孩子藉機跪求羊愛枝，希望將他帶走，有的則偷偷塞紙條給她，上面有家裡的電話、住址。
羊愛枝回到鄭州後，登報尋人，很快的找到同病相憐的家屬，他們先向當地政府求助，但效果有限，之後在網路上發表一封由四百名家長簽署的公開信，要求民眾協尋愛兒，他們指控河南與山西地方政府漠視他們的懇求、轄區警方坐視他們的報案，甚至有保護人口販子與磚窯場之嫌，他們相信約有一千名孩童被迫當奴工。
這封聯名信引發河南當地媒體注意，記者實地採訪震懾人心，除引起媒體競相報導，上千名家長拿著失蹤孩子的照片向電視台求助。網路上引起排山倒海的爭論。
有些人感嘆「堂堂社會主義，一夜回到奴隸制」，也有媒體抨擊，黑業主、黑衙門與黑警察緊密結合到「針插不入、水潑不進」的地步。在黑磚窯案沸沸揚揚逾一週後，中國高層終於打破沉默，十五日下令徹查。
-------------------------------------------
【大紀元記者曾妮悉尼編譯報導】澳洲《悉尼晨鋒報》近日發表獨家報導，指被拐賣到山西黑窯的童工仍有數百名未得到解救，約500名家長正苦苦尋找失蹤的孩子，而中共當局則正阻撓家長的行動，封殺此項消息
山西黑窯童工案 驚動北京當局
中國警方日前從山西省臨汾市的磚窯場救出一批奴工。 （法新社）
〔編譯魏國金／綜合北京十五日外電報導〕中國媒體十五日報導，上千名兒童被販賣至山西、河南磚窯場當奴工。他們由打手與狼狗看管，一天工作超過十四個小時，在被警方救出的奴工中，部分年僅八歲。由於奴工生活環境慘無人道，中國舉國譁然，國家主席胡錦濤與總理溫家寶指示徹查該事件。
國營電台十五日播出警方救出山西省洪洞縣奴工的畫面，部分年輕人因太過虛弱，無法站起，有些人的臉、腿與背部有累累傷痕或潰爛傷口。警方並將磚窯場管理員趙延兵帶到攝影棚，描述他如何將一名五十七、八歲的男工活活打死。
他說︰「他的表現不好，所以想嚇嚇他，我拿起鏟子，沒想到他站起來反抗，所以我用鏟子猛打他的頭。」他也表示︰「如果工人試圖逃跑，我們會想辦法抓到他們，然後一陣痛打。」
一名公安表示，由於窯場內沒有廁所，夜晚若想如廁，只能就地解決。洪洞縣刑警大隊隊長林旭指出，在破獲曹生村村支書記長子王斌斌的磚窯場時，「工人們都很激動」，由於長年不能洗澡、刷牙、理髮，個個長髮披肩、惡臭撲鼻，大部分人身上都有燒傷，有些人神智不清。王斌斌表示，去年開始使用人口販子供應的奴工。
新華網報導，這些奴工部份是在巴士站、火車站被拐騙，有些則當街遭綁架，以人民幣五百元（台幣兩千一百七十五元）價碼被賣到磚窯場，「他們被鞭打、挨餓，在不支薪下被迫長時間工作」。
十七歲愛子去年四月在鄭州失蹤，之後與其他父母遍尋失蹤子女的蔡衛（譯音）說︰「在磚窯場內，你看到孩子們身上有著各類疤痕，有些人的傷還在流血。」他表示，某磚窯場奴工因試圖逃跑，背部慘遭熱磚塊烙燙。十七歲奴工張文隆（譯音）說，他去年三月上旬在鄭州火車站被人口販賣集團下麻藥迷昏，被賣為奴，每天清晨五時開工，直至半夜，三餐只以醃漬菜與白菜果腹，他親眼看過有人被打死。
新華社指出，至目前為止，已動員三萬五千名警力對七千五百家磚窯場突擊檢查，共有四百六十八人被救出、一百二十人被捕。
-----------------------------------------
山西黑窯 只是中國拐賣兒童黑幕一角
編譯魏國金／特稿
「山西黑窯童工揭開中國拐賣兒童黑幕一角，政府你在哪裡？」這名網友的質疑道盡中國媒體連篇累牘的抨擊、奴工家屬的心聲與中國群眾的不滿。他們都在問︰「政府你在哪裡？」
這起事件開始引人注目，源於一位母親的千里尋子。四十六歲的鄭州婦女羊愛枝聽聞三月八日失蹤的十六歲愛子可能被綁架、賣到磚窯場後，四月初開始自力走訪山西一百多家磚窯場。
她說，幾乎每處都有孩子被強迫做苦力，有些童工身上還穿著校服。新華社報導，有些孩子藉機跪求羊愛枝，希望將他帶走，有的則偷偷塞紙條給她，上面有家裡的電話、住址。
羊愛枝回到鄭州後，登報尋人，很快的找到同病相憐的家屬，他們先向當地政府求助，但效果有限，之後在網路上發表一封由四百名家長簽署的公開信，要求民眾協尋愛兒，他們指控河南與山西地方政府漠視他們的懇求、轄區警方坐視他們的報案，甚至有保護人口販子與磚窯場之嫌，他們相信約有一千名孩童被迫當奴工。
這封聯名信引發河南當地媒體注意，記者實地採訪震懾人心，除引起媒體競相報導，上千名家長拿著失蹤孩子的照片向電視台求助。網路上引起排山倒海的爭論。
有些人感嘆「堂堂社會主義，一夜回到奴隸制」，也有媒體抨擊，黑業主、黑衙門與黑警察緊密結合到「針插不入、水潑不進」的地步。在黑磚窯案沸沸揚揚逾一週後，中國高層終於打破沉默，十五日下令徹查。
-------------------------------------------
【大紀元記者曾妮悉尼編譯報導】澳洲《悉尼晨鋒報》近日發表獨家報導，指被拐賣到山西黑窯的童工仍有數百名未得到解救，約500名家長正苦苦尋找失蹤的孩子，而中共當局則正阻撓家長的行動，封殺此項消息
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